As a consequence of various armed conflicts, France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763. Beginning in the 16th century, British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast. Indigenous peoples have continuously inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years. Canada's capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. Its southern and western border with the United States, stretching 8,891 kilometres (5,525 mi), is the world's longest bi-national land border. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres (3.85 million square miles), making it the world's second-largest country by total area.
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